log(2, 10)
log(x = 2, base=10)
peso <- c(50, 55, 8, NA)
mean(peso)
mean(peso, na.rm = TRUE)
summary(peso, na.rm=TRUE)
estadiamento <- c("moderado", "grave", "grave", "grave", "leve", "leve")
barplot(table(estadiamento))
estadiamento.ordenado <- factor(estadiamento,
levels = c("leve", "moderado", "grave"), ordered=TRUE)
barplot(table(estadiamento.ordenado))
library(ggplot2)
teste<- mpg
tabela1 <- table(mpg$drv, mpg$fl)
barplot(tabela1, legend.text=TRUE)
barplot(tabela1,
legend.text = TRUE,
args.legend = list(x='topleft'))
# usando uma paleta de cores chamada terrain.colors com 3 cores
barplot(tabela1,
legend.text = TRUE,
args.legend = list(x = 'topleft'),
col = terrain.colors(3))
# o argumento names.arg insere os nomes no eixo x
# o argumento legend.text insere os nomes na Legenda
barplot(tabela1,
col = terrain.colors(3),
args.legend = list (x = 'topleft'),
legend.text = c("4 rodas", "frontal", "traseira"),
name.arg = c( c="gás",
d = "diesel",
e = "ethanol",
p = "premium",
r = "regular"))
# podemos colocar as barras lado a lado ao inves de empilhadas uma sobre a outra
barplot(tabela1,
col = terrain.colors(3),
args.legend = list (x = 'topleft'),
legend.text = c("4 rodas", "frontal", "traseira"),
name.arg = c( c="gás",
d = "diesel",
e = "ethanol",
p = "premium",
r = "regular"),
beside=TRUE)
#plotando um gráfico de pizza/torta
pie(table(mpg$drv))
hist(mpg$cty)
View(mpg$cty)
#podemos ajustar os limiters dos eixos x e y com os argumentos xlim e ylim
hist(mpg$cty,
breaks = 10,
col = "deepskyblue",
main = "Distribuição do consumo na cidade",
xlab = "milhas por galão",
ylab = "frequência",
xlim = c(0,40),
ylim = c(0, 50))
# tudo é objeto, inclusive historiograma, logo podemos investigar
fig1 <- hist(mpg$cty,
breaks = 10,
col = "deepskyblue",
main = "Distribuição do consumo na cidade",
xlab = "milhas por galão",
ylab = "frequência",
xlim = c(0,40),
ylim = c(0, 50))
View(fig1)
fig1 <- hist(mpg$cty,
breaks = 10,
col = "deepskyblue",
main = "Distribuição do consumo na cidade",
xlab = "milhas por galão",
ylab = "frequencia",
xlim = c(0,40),
freq = FALSE)
lines(density(mpg$cty))
plot(density(mpg$cty))
boxplot(mpg$cty)
#adicionado cor, titulo, subtitulo e nomes dos eixos
boxplot(mpg$cty,
col = "deepskyblue",
main = "Consumo de combustivel",
ylab = "milhas por galão",
xlab = "cidade")
boxplot(mpg$cty, mpg$hwy,
col="gray",
main = "Distribuição do consumo de combustivel",
ylab = "milhas por galão",
names = c("cidade", "estrada"))
#estratificando a distancia percorrida na cidade (cty) de acordo com o tipo
# de transmissao (trans) a formula sera: cty~trans que podemos ler como
# distancia percorrida na cidade de acordo com o tipo de transmissao
boxplot(cty~trans, mpg,
col = "gray",
main = "Distancia percorrida de acordo com tipo de transmissao",
ylab = "milhas por galao")
library(tidyverse)
#agora somente com dois niveis, manual ou automatico
mpg <- mpg %>% mutate(marcha = recode(trans,
"auto(l3)" = "automatica",
"auto(l4)" = "automatica",
"auto(l5)" = "automatica",
"auto(l6)" = "automatica",
"auto(s4)" = "automatica",
"auto(s5)" = "automatica",
"auto(s6)" = "automatica",
"auto(av)" = "automatica",
"manual(m5)" = "manual",
"manual(m6)" = "manual"
))
boxplot(cty~marcha, mpg,
col = "gray",
main = "Distancia percorrida de acordo com o tipo de marcha",
ylab = "milhas por galao")
#Gráficos de dispersao
plot(mpg$displ, mpg$cty)
# O primeiro argumento é X, o segundo é Y
#
#
#
#explicitando os eixos
plot(x = mpg$displ, y=mpg$cty)
plot(x=mpg$displ, y=mpg$cty,
main = "Correlacao entre cilindradas e consumo",
ylab = "milhas por galão",
xlab = "cilindradas")
#podemos mudar o tipo de ponto no desenho com o argumento pch
plot(x=mpg$displ, y=mpg$cty,
main = "Correlacao entre cilindradas e consumo",
ylab = "milhas por galão",
xlab = "cilindradas",
pch = 20)
#analisando se o consumo de gasolina depende das cilinfradas do carro
plot(x=mpg$displ, y=mpg$cty,
main = "Correlação entre cilindradas e consumo",
xlab = "milhas por galão",
ylab = "cilindradas",
pch = 20)
retaRegressao <- lm(cty~displ, data = mpg)
abline(retaRegressao, col="red")
# resultado confirma que quanto maior a cilindrada, maior o consumo de
# combustivel por milhas percorridas
iris
pairs(iris)
library(ggplot)
ggplot(mpg)
ggplot(mpg) + geom_bar(aes(x=drv))
# tipos de combustiveis
# distribuicao do tipo de combustivel
# (c=gas, dieese, etabnol, premium, regular)
ggplot(mpg) + geom_bar(aes(x=fl))
# Distribuicao do tipo de tracao x tipo de combustivel
ggplot(mpg) + geom_bar(aes(x=fl, fill=drv))
#adicionando tiulo
ggplot(mpg) +
geom_bar(aes(x=fl, fill=drv)) +
ggtitle("Tipo de tração x tipo de combustível")
#renomeando os eixos
ggplot(mpg)+
geom_bar(aes(x=fl, fill=drv)) +
ggtitle("Tipo de tração x tipo de combustivel") +
xlab("Tipo de combustível") +
ylab("Quantidade") +
labs(fill = "Tipo de tração")
ggplot(mpg) + geom_histogram(aes(x=cty))
#definindo o numero de barras do histograma como sendo 9
ggplot(mpg) + geom_histogram(aes(x=cty), bins = 9)
#alterando cor padrão
ggplot(mpg) +
geom_histogram(aes(x=cty),
bins = 9,
fill = "deepskyblue",
col="black")
#Finalizando os detalhes dda estetica do grafico com os argumentos ggtile,
# xlab, y(lab, title())
ggplot(mpg) +
geom_histogram(aes(x=cty),
bins = 9,
fill = "deepskyblue",
col = "black") +
ggtitle("Distibuicao da distancia percorrida com 1 galao de gasolina") +
xlab("milhas") +
ylab("numero de carros")
# Para deixar os graficos com a estetica adequada para publicacoes cientificas
# é necessario retirar o fundo cinza que o ggplot2 usa por padrao
ggplot(mpg) +
geom_histogram(aes(x=cty),
bins = 9,
fill = "deepskyblue",
col = "black") +
ggtitle("Distibuicao da distancia percorrida com 1 galao de gasolina") +
xlab("milhas") +
ylab("numero de carros") +
theme_classic()
#grafico de densidade
ggplot(mpg) + geom_density(aes(x=cty))
ggplot(mpg) + geom_density(aes(x=cty), fill="deepskyblue") +
ggtitle("Distribuicao da distancia percorrida com 1 galao de gasolina") +
xlab("milhas") +
ylab("numero de carros") +
theme_classic()
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Last modified: 13 de outubro de 2022
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